{"id":2223,"date":"2023-08-06T16:10:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-06T16:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=2223"},"modified":"2023-06-22T21:09:14","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T21:09:14","slug":"klistata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=2223","title":{"rendered":"Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>P\u0159i proch\u00e1zk\u00e1ch v travnat\u00fdch, k\u0159ovinat\u00fdch \u010di lesn\u00edch porostech je t\u0159eba v\u017edy po\u010d\u00edtat s mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte. Nejv\u00edce rizikov\u00e9 jsou listnat\u00e9 a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 lesy, zejm\u00e9na pak proslun\u011bn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed cesty a m\u00fdtiny s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e1vou. Po\u010d\u00edtat s kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165aty je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba i v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch parc\u00edch a na zahrad\u00e1ch. Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata mohou na \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159en\u00e9st bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u016fvodce Lymesk\u00e9 boreli\u00f3zy \u010di ehrlichi\u00f3zy nebo viry zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd z\u00e1n\u011bt mozku.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata jsou \u010dlenovci<\/strong>, kte\u0159\u00ed ke sv\u00e9mu \u017eivotu pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou vlhkost a relativn\u00ed teplo. Jsou proto aktivn\u00ed od jara do podzimu, nejv\u00edce pak obvykle od dubna do \u010dervna. Studen\u00e1 zima, stejn\u011b jako tepl\u00e9, ale such\u00e9 l\u00e9to jim nesv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed. Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se prakticky v\u0161ude. Jejich v\u00fdskyt se sni\u017euje s nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou, ale byla zaznamen\u00e1na i v Krkono\u0161\u00edch a na \u0160umav\u011b v nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch kolem 1000 m. n. m. Listnat\u00e9 a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 lesy, nepose\u010den\u00e9 louky na jejich okraj\u00edch, \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed nivy jsou typick\u00fdmi ohniskov\u00fdmi biotopy kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at.<\/p>\n

U kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1me 4 v\u00fdvojov\u00e1 stadia: vaj\u00ed\u010dka, larvy, nymfy a dosp\u011bl\u00e9 jedince<\/strong> (imaga). Larvy, nymfy i dosp\u011bl\u00fd jedinci mohou s\u00e1t krev na \u010dlov\u011bku, a pokud jsou infikov\u00e1na, mohou p\u0159en\u00e9st infekci na \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata nepadaj\u00ed ze strom\u016f<\/strong>, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u010dekaj\u00ed na svou ko\u0159ist p\u0159ichyceny ve tr\u00e1v\u011b ve v\u00fd\u0161ce od 20 cm a\u017e do asi 1,5 m. V\u00fdvojov\u00e1 stadia maj\u00ed na „hlavi\u010dce“ bodav\u00fd org\u00e1n – hypostoma, kter\u00fdm jsou pevn\u011b p\u0159ichyceny v k\u016f\u017ei. Kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011b do r\u00e1ny vylu\u010duje sliny obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed protisr\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky i l\u00e1tky p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed znecitliv\u011bn\u00ed. Sliny mohou obsahovat p\u016fvodce n\u00e1kazy, proto d\u00e9lka p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte \u00fam\u011brn\u011b zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost p\u0159enosu n\u00e1kazy. Na sv\u00e9m hostiteli kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011b vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 k p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed tepl\u00e1 m\u00edsta s m\u011bkkou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji krk, b\u0159icho, ale i nohy, ruce a hlavu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Po\u010det infikovan\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at se ud\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi 1 – 20 %. Neplat\u00ed tedy v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte znamen\u00e1 v\u017edy ohro\u017een\u00ed Lymeskou boreli\u00f3zou nebo virovou kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ovou meningoencefalitidou – z\u00e1n\u011btem mozkov\u00fdch blan. Borelie se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed obvykle v m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 10 % kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at a virus KME pak u m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1 % v\u0161ech kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at. V ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblastech – v tzv. p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch ohnisc\u00edch n\u00e1kazy m\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak promo\u0159enost kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165at v\u00fdrazn\u011b stoupnout. Zn\u00e1m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed ohniska kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1n\u011btu mozku jsou nap\u0159. v povod\u00ed S\u00e1zavy, Vltavy, Berounky, Dyje, K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsko, Vranovsk\u00e1 a Kn\u00edni\u010dsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada a dal\u0161\u00ed. Pracovn\u00edci hygienick\u00e9 slu\u017eby na Krajsk\u00fdch hygienick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch a Zdravotn\u00edch \u00fastavech mohou informovat z\u00e1jemce o aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch ohnisc\u00edch ve sv\u00e9m regionu.<\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 meningoencefalitida – kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd z\u00e1n\u011bt mozku<\/strong>
\nJde o z\u00e1n\u011bt mozku, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mozkov\u00fdch blan zp\u016fsoben\u00fd virem. Virus p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata p\u0159i s\u00e1n\u00ed na \u010dlov\u011bku. Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata se nakaz\u00ed s\u00e1n\u00edm na zv\u00ed\u0159atech, hlavn\u011b lesn\u00edch hlodavc\u00edch i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 po 1 – 2 t\u00fddenn\u00ed inkuba\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b podobn\u011b jako ch\u0159ipka – mal\u00e1tnost\u00ed, \u00fanavou, bolest\u00ed kloub\u016f a sval\u016f, hore\u010dkou. Po t\u00fddnu doch\u00e1z\u00ed obvykle k \u00falev\u011b a za dal\u0161\u00ed 1 a\u017e 2 t\u00fddny nastupuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky posti\u017een\u00ed nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu – bolest hlavy doprov\u00e1zen\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed hore\u010dkou, poruchy hybnosti kon\u010detin apod. Specifick\u00fd l\u00e9k na nemoc neexistuje. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed se uzdrav\u00ed, mohou v\u0161ak p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat i trval\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky (poruchy hybnosti, psychick\u00e9 poruchy apod.). Komplikace a z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh jsou \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch ne\u017e u d\u011bt\u00ed. Nemoc je v\u00e1z\u00e1na na jeden druh kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se pouze v Evrop\u011b. V jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta se vyskytuj\u00ed jin\u00e9 podobn\u00e9 virov\u00e9 nemoci, proti kter\u00fdm o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed nechr\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Lymesk\u00e1 boreli\u00f3za<\/strong>
\nJde o chronick\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobovan\u00e9 spir\u00e1ln\u00ed bakteri\u00ed Borelia burgdorferi. V Evrop\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed bakterie zejm\u00e9na kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata p\u0159i s\u00e1n\u00ed na \u010dlov\u011bku. Kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata se nakaz\u00ed s\u00e1n\u00edm na zv\u00ed\u0159atech, hlavn\u011b lesn\u00edch hlodavc\u00edch i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159i.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 v n\u011bkolika st\u00e1di\u00edch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b v\u0161echna vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena. Prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se mohou objevit obvykle po 1 – 2 t\u00fddnech od p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte. B\u00fdv\u00e1 to zarudl\u00e1 velk\u00e1 skvrna na k\u016f\u017ei se st\u0159edem v m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte. Toto stadium je natolik typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edznakem, \u017ee je p\u0159\u00edmo indikac\u00ed k nasazen\u00ed antibiotik l\u00e9ka\u0159em. V dal\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1di\u00edch postihuje nemoc nervy, svaly, v\u010detn\u011b srde\u010dn\u00edho, a klouby. P\u0159\u00edznaky u\u017e nejsou tak typick\u00e9 a je obvykle nutn\u00e1 dlouh\u00e1 a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 diagnostika, ne\u017e jsou vylou\u010deny ostatn\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Laboratorn\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed protil\u00e1tek, d\u0159\u00edve hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, je bohu\u017eel velmi nevypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed a nem\u016f\u017ee samostatn\u011b slou\u017eit k ur\u010den\u00ed diagn\u00f3zy. Nemoc v 1. st\u00e1diu je dob\u0159e l\u00e9\u010diteln\u00e1 antibiotiky, v dal\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1di\u00edch u\u017e \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost l\u00e9\u010dby kles\u00e1 a mohou vznikat i trval\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n

Expozi\u010dn\u00ed profylaxe – ochrana p\u0159ed p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00edm kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte:<\/strong><\/p>\n