{"id":2284,"date":"2012-09-21T21:19:04","date_gmt":"2012-09-21T21:19:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=2284"},"modified":"2014-12-20T00:40:33","modified_gmt":"2014-12-20T00:40:33","slug":"naftalen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=2284","title":{"rendered":"Naftalen"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristika<\/strong>
\nNaftalen je b\u00edl\u00e1 krystalick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka se siln\u00fdm z\u00e1pachem. Teplota t\u00e1n\u00ed naftalenu je\u00a080,6\u00b0C, varu 218\u00b0C. Snadno se odpa\u0159uje a p\u00e1ry jsou ho\u0159lav\u00e9. Je velmi m\u00e1lo rozpustn\u00fd ve\u00a0vod\u011b (31 g.m3), ale rozpou\u0161t\u00ed se v organick\u00fdch rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlech. Hustota naftalenu je\u00a01140 kg.m3. Molekula naftalenu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou kondenzovan\u00fdch benzenov\u00fdch jader. \u0158ad\u00ed\u00a0se proto mezi tzv. polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU).<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/strong>
\nHlavn\u00edm komer\u010dn\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm naftalenu je v\u00fdroba dal\u0161\u00edch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1le\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdrobe polyvinylchloridov\u00fdch plastu (PVC). Z naftalenu se tak\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u00ed \u00a0barviva\u00a0(indigo), l\u00e9civa, pryskyrice, maziva a rozpou\u0161tedla. Slou\u017e\u00ed i k v\u00fdrobe povrchov\u011b aktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 se mohou vyskytovat v barv\u00e1ch, n\u00e1terech a ochrann\u00fdch povlac\u00edch.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le\u00a0se z n\u011bj mohou vyr\u00e1b\u011bt desinfek\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinidla, deodora\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky (na toalet\u00e1ch),\u00a0prost\u0159edky na ochranu d\u0159eva, fungicidy nebo insekticidy (kuli\u010dky proti mol\u016fm).\u00a0V t\u011bchto \u00a0kuli\u010dk\u00e1ch se v\u0161ak naftalen v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nahrazuje para-dichlorobenzenem.\u00a0Zdroje emis\u00ed\u00a0Naftalen se p\u0159irozen\u011b vyskytuje ve fosiln\u00edch palivech. Proto pat\u0159\u00ed spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch\u00a0paliv, \u00a0stejn\u011b jako dal\u0161\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s nimi (skladov\u00e1n\u00ed, doprava, likvidace), mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9\u00a0zdroje emis\u00ed naftalenu.<\/p>\n

Naftalen se tak\u00e9 mu\u017ee uvol\u0148ovat p\u0159i koksov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed, impregnaci d\u0159eva\u00a0a pri pou\u017eit\u00ed naftalenu jako insekticidu a desinfek\u010dn\u00edho \u010dinidla. Naftalen se uvol\u0148uje i p\u0159i\u00a0ho\u0159en\u00ed tab\u00e1ku a d\u0159eva. Dal\u0161\u00edm zdrojem jsou v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny automobilu a \u00faniky naftalenu\u00a0ze skl\u00e1dek nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch odpad\u016f.\u00a0Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed zdroje emis\u00ed naftalenu pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u00faprava, doprava, skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv, koks\u00e1renstv\u00ed;
\n\u00b7 insekticidy a desinfekcn\u00ed cinidla;
\n\u00b7 v\u00fdroba a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed naftalenu.<\/p>\n

Dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong>
\nNaftalen se v pude a v sedimentech v\u00e1\u017ee jen slabe. Vet\u0161ina l\u00e1tky odtek\u00e1 (pokud je\u00a0bl\u00edzko povrchu), nebo je vymyta do podzemn\u00edch vod. Mu\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 rozlo\u017een p\u016fdn\u00edmi\u00a0mikroorganismy. Naftalen mu\u017ee t\u011bkat i z povrchov\u00fdch vod. Ve vod\u00e1ch mu\u017ee nav\u00edc\u00a0doch\u00e1zet k mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed degradaci. Ve vzduchu se naftalen rychle rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1, p\u016fsoben\u00edm\u00a0vlhkosti a slune\u010dn\u00edho svetla se rozlo\u017e\u00ed v prubehu jednoho dne. Nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k akumulaci\u00a0naftalenu v potravn\u00edch retezc\u00edch. Je v\u0161ak silne toxick\u00fd pro vodn\u00ed organismy.\u00a0Dopady na zdrav\u00ed clov\u011bka, rizika\u00a0Nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed expozi\u010dn\u00ed cestou je inhalace. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je po\u017eit\u00ed (hlavn\u011b\u00a0u d\u011bt\u00ed) a kontakt s poko\u017ekou nebo okem. Absorbovan\u00fd naftalen se krv\u00ed dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do jater\u00a0a ostatn\u00edch org\u00e1nu. Vet\u0161ina naftalenu opust\u00ed t\u011blo b\u011bhem 1 \u2013 3 dn\u016f.\u00a0Vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed naftalenu zp\u016fsobuje bolesti hlavy, zmaten\u00ed, zvracen\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pocen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Po po\u017eit\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k bri\u0161n\u00edm krec\u00edm, pr\u016fjm\u016fm a zvracen\u00ed. Mohou nastat i bolesti hlavy, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pocen\u00ed a apatie. Naftalen tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje hemol\u00fdzu (rozklad \u010derven\u00fdch krvinek)\u00a0a nekr\u00f3zu jater. P\u0159\u00edznaky hemol\u00fdzy jsou \u00fanava, ztr\u00e1ta chuti k j\u00eddlu, nervozita a bled\u00e1\u00a0k\u016f\u017ee. Hemol\u00fdza je doprov\u00e1zen\u00e1 anemi\u00ed, leukocyt\u00f3zou (zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed poctu b\u00edl\u00fdch krvinek),\u00a0horeckou, \u017eloutenkou a poruchou funkce jater. Kontakt s k\u016f\u017e\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje jej\u00ed podr\u00e1\u017eden\u00ed, ve\u00a0vet\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed vznik dermatitidy. U o\u010d\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a mu\u017ee vzniknout i \u0161ed\u00fd\u00a0z\u00e1kal.\u00a0Nejvet\u0161\u00ed nebezpec\u00ed hroz\u00ed u t\u011bhotn\u00fdch \u017een a kojenc\u016f. Naftalen mu\u017ee proch\u00e1zet\u00a0placentou a dost\u00e1v\u00e1 se tak\u00e9 do matersk\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka. Po expozici t\u011bhotn\u00e9 matky naftalenem se\u00a0u novorozencu mu\u017ee vyvinout anemie.\u00a0V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice plat\u00ed pro koncentrace \u00a0naftalenu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed limity v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed\u00a0pracovi\u0161t: PEL \u2013 50 mg.m-3, NPK – P \u2013 100 mg.m-3<\/strong>.\u00a0P\u00e1ry naftalenu jsou velmi ho\u0159lav\u00e9. P\u00e1ry i prach naftalenu mohou tvo\u0159it se vzduchem\u00a0i explozivn\u00ed sm\u011bsi.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e9\u00a0zhodnocen\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnosti z hlediska \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Naftalen je toxick\u00fd pro cloveka a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro vodn\u00ed organismy. Jeho v\u00fdskyt\u00a0v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed je v\u0161ak obvykle n\u00edzk\u00fd a nav\u00edc je p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi pochody degradov\u00e1n, proto\u00a0vet\u0161inou nezp\u016fsobuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u016fvody za\u0159azen\u00ed do registru<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b7 nar\u00edzen\u00ed o E-PRTR
\n\u00b7 Stockholmsk\u00e1 \u00famluva
\n\u00b7 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka c. 356\/2002 Sb. (pr\u00edloha c. 1)
\n\u00b7 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka c. 232\/2004 Sb. (pr\u00edloha c. 1)<\/p>\n

Zp\u016fsoby zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong>
\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed predstavu o mo\u017en\u00fdch \u00fanic\u00edch naftalenu lze ucinit ze spotreby vstupn\u00edch\u00a0chemik\u00e1li\u00ed ci bilance technologick\u00e9ho procesu. K identifikaci \u00faniku mu\u017ee napomoci jeho\u00a0siln\u00fd z\u00e1pach.\u00a0Pro detailnej\u0161\u00ed informace je nutn\u00e9 pristoupit k chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. Pri anal\u00fdze ovzdu\u0161\u00ed\u00a0se vzorek nejprve pros\u00e1v\u00e1 trubickou s aktivn\u00edm uhl\u00edm. Nasorbovan\u00fd naftalen se extrahuje sirouhl\u00edkem nebo acetonitrilem. Vodn\u00e9 vzorky se extrahuj\u00ed napr\u00edklad methylenchloridem.<\/p>\n

Extrakty jsou analyzov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed plynov\u00e9 nebo kapalinov\u00e9 chromatografie. Stanoven\u00ed\u00a0mohou prov\u00e9st komercn\u00ed laboratore ci specializovan\u00e1 pracovi\u0161te. Vhodn\u00e9 je pripomenout,\u00a0\u017ee naftalen patr\u00ed mezi polyaromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU).\u00a0Pri koncentraci naftalenu nap\u0159\u00edklad 0,01 % obj. v odpadn\u00edm vzduchu dojde\u00a0k dosa\u017een\u00ed ohla\u0161ovac\u00edho prahu pro emise do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pri vypou\u0161ten\u00ed 188 000 m3\u00a0odpadn\u00edho vzduchu rocne (pri 20\u00b0C a tlaku 101,325 kPa). Pokud je vypou\u0161tena odpadn\u00ed\u00a0voda o koncentraci napr\u00edklad 1 mg.l-1 naftalenu, je ohla\u0161ovac\u00ed pr\u00e1h pro emise do vody\u00a0dosa\u017een pri vypou\u0161ten\u00ed 10 000 m3 odpadn\u00ed vody ro\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Informa\u010dn\u00ed zdroje<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u00b7 Harte J., Holdren C., Schneider R., Shirley Ch.: Toxics A to Z, A Guide to Everyday
\nPollution Hazards, University of California Press, 1991
\n\u00b7 U.S Environmental Protection Agency, http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/
\n\u00b7 Agency for toxic substances and disease registery, http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/
\n\u00b7 Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, http:\/\/crisp.cit.nih.gov\/
\n\u00b7 IPCS Intox Databank, http:\/\/www.intox.org\/databank\/index.htm
\n\u00b7 Toxicology Data Network, http:\/\/toxnet.nlm.nih.gov\/
\n\u00b7 Encyklopedie Wikipedia, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphtalene<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristika Naftalen je b\u00edl\u00e1 krystalick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka se siln\u00fdm z\u00e1pachem. Teplota t\u00e1n\u00ed naftalenu je\u00a080,6\u00b0C, varu 218\u00b0C. Snadno se odpa\u0159uje a p\u00e1ry jsou ho\u0159lav\u00e9. Je velmi m\u00e1lo rozpustn\u00fd ve\u00a0vod\u011b (31 g.m3), ale rozpou\u0161t\u00ed se v organick\u00fdch rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlech. Hustota naftalenu je\u00a01140 kg.m3. Molekula naftalenu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s4YkmD-naftalen","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2284"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2286,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2284\/revisions\/2286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}