{"id":3635,"date":"2014-05-16T07:58:31","date_gmt":"2014-05-16T07:58:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3635"},"modified":"2015-01-17T09:33:52","modified_gmt":"2015-01-17T09:33:52","slug":"lesni-patra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3635","title":{"rendered":"Lesn\u00ed patra"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"les-01\"<\/a>Lesn\u00ed organismy tvo\u0159\u00ed spole\u010denstvo – fytocen\u00f3zu, je\u017e je \u017eiv\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00fd prostor. Jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky fytocen\u00f3zy dosahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji r\u016fzn\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho vzr\u016fstu.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pojmy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stratifikace<\/strong>\u00a0neboli\u00a0patrovitost fytocen\u00f3zy<\/strong>je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro jev, kdy rostliny zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed paraleln\u011b s p\u016fdn\u00edm povrchem jednotliv\u00e9 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed nadzemn\u00ed i podzemn\u00ed prostory v r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00edho prostoru v tzv. rostlinn\u00fdch patrech \u010dili et\u00e1\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Rostlinn\u00e9 patro<\/strong>\u00a0je d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed soubor rostlin ve fytocen\u00f3ze, kter\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho vzr\u016fstu.<\/p>\n

Patrovitost rostlin<\/strong>\u00a0je d\u016fsledek sou\u017eit\u00ed rostlin r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch forem ekologicky komplement\u00e1rn\u00edch (vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch) ve spole\u010dn\u00e9m prostoru.<\/p>\n

Ekologicky komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed druhy fytocen\u00f3zy<\/strong>\u00a0jsou d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed soubory jedinc\u016f fytocen\u00f3zy zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 nadzemn\u00ed i podzemn\u00ed vrstvy, nebo se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00edch, mezi nimi\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu neantagonistick\u00e9mu sou\u017eit\u00ed (symbi\u00f3ze) v r\u016fzn\u00fdch ekologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Mezi porostem a podrostem se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd vztah, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit jako z\u00e1vislost, nap\u0159. pod zapojen\u00fdm bukov\u00fdm porostem se vyskytuje sciofytn\u00ed a mezofytn\u00ed bylinn\u00e1 vegetace.<\/p>\n

Ekologick\u00e1 komplement\u00e1rnost<\/strong>\u00a0se projevuje edaficky (p\u016fdn\u011b) u druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed ko\u0159eny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch horizontech p\u016fdn\u00edho prostoru, sv\u011bteln\u011b u druh\u016f zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9 nadzemn\u00ed vrstvy a \u010dasov\u011b u druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u016fj ontogenetick\u00fd v\u00fdvojov\u00fd cyklus v r\u016fzn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch nebo sez\u00f3nn\u00edch obdob\u00edch, nap\u0159. druhy v jarn\u00edm a letn\u00edm aspektu.<\/p>\n

Podle po\u010dtu pater d\u011bl\u00edme fytocen\u00f3zy na jednopatrov\u00e9 a v\u00edcepatrov\u00e9. Anal\u00fdzy fytocen\u00f3z se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 a samostatn\u00e9 pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 rostlinn\u00e9 patro.<\/p>\n

Stupnice patrovitosti<\/h2>\n

\"les-02\"<\/a>U lesn\u00edch fytocen\u00f3z se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed patra d\u0159evin (stromy a ke\u0159e) a patra ned\u0159evnat\u00e9ho podrostu, kter\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00ed auto\u0159i t\u0159\u00edd\u00ed padle r\u016fzn\u00fdch stupnic patrovitosti.<\/p>\n

U d\u0159evin se u n\u00e1s pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stupnice, kterou publikoval ZLATN\u00cdK a kterou pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mnoz\u00ed lesn\u00ed typologov\u00e9. T\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed d\u0159evin na patra podle Zlatn\u00edka :<\/p>\n

I – Stromy nad\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9<\/strong>, tj. stromy, kter\u00e9 jsou vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stromy hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b.<\/p>\n

II – Stromy hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b<\/strong>\u00a0(stromy \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9) v\u010detn\u011b strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 zasahuj\u00ed z\u0159eteln\u011b sv\u00fdmi vrcholky do patra \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch strom\u016f.<\/p>\n

I, II<\/strong>\u00a0– V p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy nelze dob\u0159e rozli\u0161it stromy nad\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 od strom\u016f \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch a od strom\u016f v p\u0159echodu k patru III (viz d\u00e1le), spojujeme tyto d\u0159eviny do jednoho patra, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010dujeme jako patro I., II. Tento zp\u016fsob ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed patra se nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v nesm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch jedno et\u00e1\u017eov\u00fdch porostech, a\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch, p\u0159irozen\u00fdch, nebo zalo\u017een\u00fdch, nap\u0159. u porost\u016f borovice, buku nebo smrku.<\/p>\n

III – Stromy pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9<\/strong>, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e polovina v\u00fd\u0161ky strom\u016f hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, ale sv\u00fdmi korunami nezasahuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u0159eteln\u011b do souvisl\u00e9 vrstvy korun strom\u016f \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

IV – D\u0159eviny pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0s druhy stromovit\u00e9ho vzr\u016fstu a ke\u0159e od v\u00fd\u0161ky 1,30 m do polovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky strom\u016f hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b.<\/p>\n

V – D\u0159eviny nejv\u00fd\u0161e 1,30 m vysok\u00e9<\/strong>. Toto patro d\u0159evin se d\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed na:<\/p>\n

V1\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>– jedinci jehli\u010dnan\u016f s jedn\u00edm bo\u010dn\u00edm pr\u00fdtem, jedinci listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f bez d\u011blo\u017en\u00edch list\u016f:
\nV1a<\/sub>\u00a0– jedinci vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 cm,
\nV1b<\/sub>\u00a0– jedinci do 20 cm,
\nV2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0– semen\u00e1\u010dky, tj. jedinci jehli\u010dnan\u016f s d\u011blo\u017en\u00edmi jehlicemi a bez bo\u010dn\u00edho pr\u00fdtu a z listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f jedinci s d\u011blo\u017en\u00edmi listy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rozd\u011blen\u00ed d\u0159evin do jednotliv\u00fdch pater podle t\u00e9to stupnice patrovitosti p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 znalost term\u00ednu hlavn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Je to my\u0161len\u00e1 plocha dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed souvisl\u00e9 korunov\u00e9 vrstvy. Stromy, jejich\u017e koruny ji z\u0159eteln\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed, jsou stromy nad\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9. V p\u011bstebn\u00ed klasifikaci strom\u016f podle v\u00fd\u0161ky (vzr\u016fstu) podle KON\u0160ELA (1931) jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny nad\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 d\u0159eviny jako p\u0159edr\u016fstav\u00e9. Stromy hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b se ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9, do n\u00ed\u017e mohou vr\u016fstat tzv. stromy vr\u016fstav\u00e9, anebo z n\u00ed\u017e mohou ustupovat stromy ustupuj\u00edc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 u\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed do patra III.<\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e ned\u0159evnat\u00fd porost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zpravidla n\u011bkolik pater (v\u00fd\u0161ka nep\u0159esahuje 1 m).<\/p>\n

Je to\u00a0patro vysok\u00fdch rostlin<\/strong>, hlavn\u011b bylin, nap\u0159.\u00a0Senecio nemorensis, Cicerbita alpina, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina, Festuca altissima<\/em>.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le je to\u00a0patro st\u0159edn\u011b vysok\u00fdch rostlin<\/strong>, jako je\u00a0Mercurialis perennis, Galium odoratum, Lathyrus vernus<\/em>, v\u011bt\u0161ina trav apod.<\/p>\n

Pod st\u0159edn\u011b vysok\u00fdm patrem bylin m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b\u00a0patro n\u00edzk\u00fdch rostlin<\/strong>, jako jsou nap\u0159.Oxalis acetosella, Lysimachia nummularia, Asarum europaeum, Hepatica nobilis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Jako dal\u0161\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 patro se vyli\u0161uje\u00a0patro terestrick\u00fdch (pozemn\u00edch) mechorost\u016f a li\u0161ejn\u00edk\u016f<\/strong>. Mechorosty a li\u0161ejn\u00edky b\u00fdvaj\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bny spole\u010dn\u011b v jednom patru (p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed \u010dili p\u016fdn\u00ed patro, v\u00fd\u0161ka do 5 cm).<\/p>\n

V lesn\u00edch fytocen\u00f3z\u00e1ch se vyskytuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 rostlinn\u00e9 druhy, u nich\u017e je problematick\u00e9, do jak\u00e9ho patra je za\u0159adit. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na\u0161ich li\u00e1n. Tyto druhy zpravidla zapisujeme do patra podrostu bylin a slovn\u011b vyjad\u0159ujeme, zda zasahuj\u00ed i do jin\u00fdch pater.<\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povahu ve fytocen\u00f3ze lesa maj\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 druhy (mechorosty a li\u0161ejn\u00edky), kter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed na balvanech, kamenech, na k\u016f\u0159e a na v\u011btv\u00edch strom\u016f. Jsou to zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1visl\u00e1 spole\u010denstva, kter\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch typologick\u00fdch lesnick\u00fdch prac\u00edch neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed studov\u00e1na, av\u0161ak maj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam v krajin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci a v ochran\u011b \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a citliv\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159i anal\u00fdze d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch z\u00e1visl\u00fdch spole\u010denstev se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, v kter\u00e9m patru se vyskytuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Patrovitost pod zem\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b nadzemn\u00edch pater se vyskytuj\u00ed v p\u016fdn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b patra podzemn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zahrnuj\u00ed ko\u0159eny, oddenky, podzemn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky, hl\u00edzy, cibule apod. V\u00fdrazn\u00e1 patrovitost v podzem\u00ed je na step\u00edch, pop\u0159. v polopou\u0161t\u00edch a pou\u0161t\u00edch, kdy podzemn\u00ed patra b\u00fdvaj\u00ed svou biomasou i sv\u00fdm vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm rozp\u011bt\u00edm od p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e patra nadzemn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ko\u0159eny r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f jsou r\u016fzn\u011b citliv\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di p\u016fdn\u00edm pom\u011br\u016fm, zejm\u00e9na v\u016f\u010di provzdu\u0161n\u011bn\u00ed, acidit\u011b, vod\u011b a p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdm miner\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivin\u00e1m. Podle uveden\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f ko\u0159eny r\u016fzn\u011b rostou, rozr\u016fstaj\u00ed se, m\u011bn\u00ed tvar a tak u jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fd ko\u0159enov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jeho\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed architektura je v\u0161ak geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bna, tak\u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme rozli\u0161ovat rostliny m\u011blkoko\u0159enn\u00e9 s povrchov\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem a hlubokoko\u0159enn\u00e9, nap\u0159. u d\u0159evin s k\u016flov\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. Rovn\u011b\u017e v p\u016fdn\u00edm prostoru, obdobn\u011b jako v prostoru vzdu\u0161n\u00e9m, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k sou\u017eit\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch forem rostlin ekologicky komplement\u00e1rn\u00edch.<\/p>\n

We’re a non biased facility
\nweight loss tips<\/a>Thoughts on Jogger pants tapered<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lesn\u00ed organismy tvo\u0159\u00ed spole\u010denstvo – fytocen\u00f3zu, je\u017e je \u017eiv\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00fd prostor. Jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky fytocen\u00f3zy dosahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji r\u016fzn\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho vzr\u016fstu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4YkmD-WD","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3635"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4514,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3635\/revisions\/4514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}