{"id":3697,"date":"2014-06-15T19:04:14","date_gmt":"2014-06-15T19:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3697"},"modified":"2015-01-17T09:28:45","modified_gmt":"2015-01-17T09:28:45","slug":"jak-se-o-les-starame-tak-se-les-postara-o-nas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3697","title":{"rendered":"Jak se o les star\u00e1me, tak se les postar\u00e1 o n\u00e1s"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"les-01\"<\/a>Lesn\u00edci ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch byli prvn\u00edmi pr\u016fkopn\u00edky p\u0159i\u00a0zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dnes \u010dasto sklo\u0148ovan\u00e9 trval\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti. Lesn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy Marie Terezie z\u00a0let 1754 a\u017e 1756 formulovaly principy trvalosti produkce d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 se staly p\u0159edch\u016fdcem modern\u00edho pojet\u00ed <\/span><\/p>\n

(trvale) udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. D\u00edky t\u011bmto \u0159\u00e1d\u016fm nap\u0159\u00edklad vzrostla v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1790 a\u017e 2000 lesnatost na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00a025 procent na 33,5 procenta. I\u00a0p\u0159es mnoh\u00e9 negativn\u00ed vlivy (glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed apod.), kter\u00e9 se nevyhnuly ani les\u016fm, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed lesy tu nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejzachovalej\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eku na\u0161\u00ed krajiny. Na druhou stranu je nutno \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed udr\u017eitelnosti m\u00e1 \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1mec ne\u017e p\u0159ed \u010dtvrt tis\u00edcilet\u00edm. Zahrnuje vedle produkce d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty tak\u00e9 ochranu biodiverzity a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed aspekty.<\/p>\n

Velikost chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed v les\u00edch<\/h2>\n

Ochrana p\u0159\u00edrody se do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry prol\u00edn\u00e1 v\u0161emi praktick\u00fdmi \u010dinnostmi p\u0159i p\u00e9\u010di o lesy. Ani z\u00a0historick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159itom nejde o\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 novum. V\u017edy\u0165 v\u00a0les\u00edch se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed u\u00a0n\u00e1s (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u017dof\u00ednsk\u00fd prales, \u010di Boub\u00ednsk\u00fd prales z\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd na z\u00e1klad\u011b podn\u011btu lesn\u00edka Josefa Johna).<\/p>\n

Lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my jsou mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b cennou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed (ZCH\u00da), tedy \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdecky \u010di esteticky velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch nebo jedine\u010dn\u00fdch. Jejich celkov\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bra v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b \u010din\u00ed 752\u00a0000 hektar\u016f, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 28,4 procenta v\u00fdm\u011bry v\u0161ech les\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR.<\/p>\n

Podle z\u00e1kona \u010d. 114\/92 Sb., O ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody a krajiny, se zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010dlen\u00ed do \u0161esti kategori\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Velkoplo\u0161n\u00e1<\/strong><\/h2>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed parky\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 104\u00a0000 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 krajinn\u00e9 oblasti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 588\u00a0500 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

Maloplo\u0161n\u00e1<\/strong><\/h2>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 23\u00a0000 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 16\u00a0000 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tky\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 1600 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tky\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 zahrnuj\u00ed celkem 19\u00a0000 ha les\u016f<\/p>\n

\"les-02\"<\/a>Syst\u00e9m p\u00e9\u010de o zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0ustanoven\u00ed z\u00e1kona \u010d. 114\/92 Sb., O ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody, kter\u00fd podrobn\u011b stanovuje podm\u00ednky ochrany t\u011bchto \u00fazem\u00ed. C\u00edle a z\u00e1sady p\u00e9\u010de o lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my v\u00a0ZCH\u00da jsou pak podrobn\u011b rozpracov\u00e1ny v\u00a0pl\u00e1nech p\u00e9\u010de, je\u017e jsou rovn\u011b\u017e z\u00e1vazn\u00fdm podkladem pro jin\u00e9 \u00fazemn\u011b pl\u00e1novac\u00ed dokumenty, nap\u0159\u00edklad lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

Principy ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody se v\u0161ak nedodr\u017euj\u00ed jen v\u00a0les\u00edch chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Vlastn\u00edci les\u016f a lesn\u00edci se podle nich chovaj\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b i v\u00a0norm\u00e1ln\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch les\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Principy ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody v les\u00edch<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm lesnick\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody je praktick\u00e1 realizace strategie trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch. Tato strategie tvo\u0159\u00ed spolu s\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm \u0161etrn\u00fdch v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch, t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch a\u00a0transportn\u00edch technologi\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed pestrosti lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Strategie trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch v\u00a0bodech<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. Zaji\u0161\u0165ovat nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 pln\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech po\u017eadovan\u00fdch funkc\u00ed lesa, v\u010detn\u011b produkce kvalitn\u00ed d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty.<\/li>\n
  2. Udr\u017eovat a zvy\u0161ovat biodiverzitu les\u016f podporou druhov\u00e9 rozmanitosti, tvorbou sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch les\u016f, zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm pod\u00edlu ohro\u017een\u00fdch druh\u016f lesn\u00edch d\u0159evin a ponech\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161ech ne\u0161kod\u00edc\u00edch druh\u016f lesn\u00edch d\u0159evin vporostech.<\/li>\n
  3. Zaji\u0161\u0165ovat trvalou a dlouhodobou p\u0159\u00edpravu stanovi\u0161tn\u011b, druhov\u011b, v\u011bkov\u011b a geneticky vhodn\u00fdch lesn\u00edch porost\u016f kp\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnov\u011b.<\/li>\n
  4. Zvy\u0161ovat pod\u00edl vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed genov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edch kvalitn\u00edch d\u0159evin vobnov\u011b lesa, p\u0159ednostn\u011b p\u0159irozenou obnovou.<\/li>\n
  5. Preferovat biologick\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby meliorac\u00ed za pomoci meliora\u010dn\u00edch d\u0159evin.<\/li>\n
  6. Zajistit p\u00e9\u010di a trval\u00e9 udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch okraj\u016f les\u016f.<\/li>\n
  7. Vytv\u00e1\u0159et podm\u00ednky pro ochranu biotop\u016f chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u010di jinak cenn\u00fdch rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a ochranu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch biotop\u016f obecn\u011b (mok\u0159ady, ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u011b apod.).<\/li>\n
  8. Zajistit c\u00edlenou ochranu a p\u00e9\u010di vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm a ohro\u017een\u00fdm druh\u016fm lesn\u00edch d\u0159evin (tis \u010derven\u00fd, jilmy, je\u0159\u00e1b b\u0159ek, t\u0159e\u0161e\u0148 pta\u010d\u00ed, hru\u0161e\u0148 plan\u00e1, jablo\u0148 lesn\u00ed atd.)<\/li>\n
  9. Dos\u00e1hnout rovnov\u00e1hy mezi zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed a lesem sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm stav\u016f p\u0159emno\u017een\u00e9 b\u00fdlo\u017erav\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e na stavy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159irozenou obnovu v\u0161ech d\u0159evin bez nutnosti jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 ochrany proti \u0161kod\u00e1m zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  10. Podporovat a chr\u00e1nit populace pt\u00e1k\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch hn\u00edzdn\u00edch podm\u00ednek aktivn\u00edm vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm doupn\u00fdch strom\u016f a vyv\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch pta\u010d\u00edch budek vles\u00edch.<\/li>\n
  11. Nehroz\u00ed-li nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed hmyz\u00edch \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f, ponech\u00e1vat vles\u00edch dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edho odpadu a mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed kolob\u011bhu \u017eivin, podporu ne\u0161kod\u00edc\u00edch druh\u016f mikroorganism\u016f hub, rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a zlep\u0161en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro p\u0159irozenou obnovu horsk\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/li>\n
  12. P\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mechanizace vles\u00edch d\u00e1vat p\u0159ednost \u0161etrn\u00fdm technologi\u00edm sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm po\u0161kozen\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, p\u016fdy a dopravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/li>\n
  13. Sni\u017eovat pod\u00edl ekologicky ne\u0161etrn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f a materi\u00e1l\u016f v les\u00edch.\n

    \"les-03\"<\/a>Les obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fd trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zaji\u0161\u0165uje trvalou a vyrovnanou existenci velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed rostlinn\u00fdch a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 jen velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky mimo les. Sou\u010dasn\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed trvale obnoviteln\u00e9ho zdroje strategick\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed suroviny a pln\u00ed \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed pro spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem lesn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159i ochran\u011b jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f organism\u016f je komplexn\u00ed ochrana jejich stanovi\u0161\u0165 (respektive ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f) a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 diferencovan\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0n\u011b. Ochrana \u0159ady druh\u016f (i\u00a0cel\u00fdch skupin, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mikroorganism\u016f a\u00a0bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f) spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vhodn\u00e9m zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pestrosti biotop\u016f i\u00a0pestrosti jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktury. Dopl\u0148kov\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi pak mohou b\u00fdt speci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1sahy k\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed, pos\u00edlen\u00ed \u010di obnov\u011b populac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch druh\u016f. Mezi takov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed:<\/p>\n