{"id":3897,"date":"2025-09-14T05:54:02","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T05:54:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3897"},"modified":"2025-07-02T07:49:27","modified_gmt":"2025-07-02T07:49:27","slug":"ochrana-lesa-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=3897","title":{"rendered":"Ochrana lesa II."},"content":{"rendered":"

\"bekyne_mniska_4\"<\/a>Po\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f biotick\u00fdmi \u010diniteli<\/h2>\n

Mezi nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdce jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed bekyn\u011b mni\u0161ka, obale\u010d mod\u0159\u00ednov\u00fd, ploskoh\u0159betka smrkov\u00e1, pilatka smrkov\u00e1, l\u00fdko\u017erout smrkov\u00fd, l\u00fdko\u017erout seversk\u00fd, l\u00fdko\u017erout leskl\u00fd, l\u00fdko\u017erout men\u0161\u00ed a l\u00fdkohub matn\u00fd. Na borovici \u0161kod\u00ed l\u00fdko\u017erout vrcholkov\u00fd, l\u00fdkohub sosnov\u00fd, l\u00fdkohub men\u0161\u00ed a klikoroh borov\u00fd. Listn\u00e1\u010de jsou hmyz\u00edmi \u0161k\u016fdci po\u0161kozov\u00e1ny mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b<\/strong> a pokud k\u00a0tomu dojde, tak obvykle bez fat\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1sledk\u016f. Mezi v\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed obale\u010d dubov\u00fd. Za jist\u00fdch podm\u00ednek mohou v\u00a0mlad\u00fdch lesn\u00edch kultur\u00e1ch \u0161kodit i hlodavci.<\/p>\n

Zhor\u0161en\u00ed zdravotn\u00edho stavu lesn\u00edch d\u0159evin, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jejich odolnosti a nedostatek sr\u00e1\u017eek m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek rozvoj houbov\u00fdch patogen\u016f<\/strong>. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00e1clavka obecn\u00e1, sypavka borov\u00e1, grafi\u00f3za jilm\u016f, rez jehlicov\u00e1, rez sosnokrut, padl\u00ed dubov\u00e9, skotsk\u00e1 sypavka douglasky. Houbov\u00e9 choroby se v\u00a0na\u0161ich les\u00edch za\u010daly objevovat ve vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami druhov\u00e9 skladby. Na jejich \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 vliv globalizace sv\u011btov\u00e9ho obchodu, kdy jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy patogen\u016f p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny z\u00a0kontinentu na kontinent. V\u00a0nov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nem\u00e1 obrann\u00e9 mechanismy, mohou zp\u016fsobit nedoz\u00edrn\u00e9 \u0161kody. Proto se zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 fytokarant\u00e9nn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, maj\u00edc\u00ed zamezit dovozu osiva, sazenic, d\u0159eva s\u00a0t\u011bmito organismy.<\/p>\n

Bekyn\u011b mni\u0161ka<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160kody p\u016fsoben\u00e9 bekyn\u00ed mni\u0161kou jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ji\u017e z\u00a0d\u00e1vn\u00e9 historie. Jej\u00ed prvn\u00ed velk\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1499. Ale obrovsk\u00fd vzestup bekyn\u011b mni\u0161ky je spojen a\u017e se zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm smrkov\u00fdch monokultur v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed. Snad k\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kalamit\u011b v\u00a0na\u0161ich les\u00edch, kterou zp\u016fsobila bekyn\u011b mni\u0161ka, do\u0161lo v\u00a0letech 1917 a\u017e 1927. Celkov\u011b bylo nutno v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed vyk\u00e1cet asi 75 tis\u00edc hektar\u016f lesn\u00edch ploch a vyt\u011b\u017eit p\u0159i tom 17 milion\u016f m3<\/sup> d\u0159eva. Proti mni\u0161ce byla pou\u017eita \u0159ada obrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.V\u00a0letech 1926 a\u017e 1927 se poprv\u00e9 u n\u00e1s zkou\u0161ela leteck\u00e1 aplikace insekticid\u016f.<\/strong> Jejich v\u00fdvoj byl velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi hlavn\u00ed hlediska pat\u0159ila vysok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost a minim\u00e1ln\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m. D\u00edky t\u00e9to technologii lze dnes zasahovat proti bekyni mni\u0161ce s\u00a0vysokou efektivitou ji\u017e v\u00a0sam\u00e9m po\u010d\u00e1tku gradace.<\/p>\n

L\u00fdko\u017erout smrkov\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm hmyz\u00edm \u0161k\u016fdcem je l\u00fdko\u017erout smrkov\u00fd, tzv. k\u016frovec. Jedna z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch k\u016frovcov\u00fdch kalamit postihla v\u00a0roce 1870 \u0160umavu. Tehdy bylo nutn\u00e9 b\u011bhem p\u011bti let zpracovat sedm milion\u016f m3<\/sup> k\u016frovcov\u00e9ho d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se dovr\u0161ilo d\u00edlo zk\u00e1zy velk\u00e9 v\u011btrn\u00e9 kalamity z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch let. Pe\u010dliv\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sanit\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a \u010distoty lesa bylo hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou, \u017ee se k\u016frovec po v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016fl stolet\u00ed nijak v\u00fdrazn\u011b neprojevoval. P\u0159esto se \u0161kody k\u016frovcem v\u00a0letech 1900 a\u017e 1940 odhadovaly na dva miliony m3<\/sup> d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed. Po roce 1940 se situace za\u010dala zhor\u0161ovat, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0d\u016fsledku zanedb\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o \u010distotu lesa. P\u0159isp\u011bly k\u00a0tomu i velk\u00e9 v\u011btrn\u00e9 kalamity z\u00a0let 1939 – 1940 a nedostatek pracovn\u00edch sil v\u00a0d\u016fsledku v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Po v\u00e1lce kalamita zachv\u00e1tila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny horsk\u00e9 komplexy a sucho v\u00a0roce 1947 rozvoji \u0161k\u016fdce d\u00e1le v\u00fdrazn\u011b napomohlo. Vnitrozem\u00ed, kde k\u00a0\u010distot\u011b lesa p\u0159isp\u00edval sb\u011br m\u00e9n\u011b hodnotn\u00e9ho d\u0159eva na otop, bylo do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry kalamity u\u0161et\u0159eno. Likvidace kalamity se prot\u00e1hla a\u017e do poloviny 50. let a muselo se vyt\u011b\u017eit asi osm milion\u016f m3<\/sup>napaden\u00e9ho d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech byly k\u016frovcov\u00e9 \u0161kody jen pom\u00edstn\u00e9, ale po roce 1971 se situace za\u010dala op\u011bt zhor\u0161ovat. Tehdy v\u00a0d\u016fsledku v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zes\u00edlen\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed imis\u00ed nastal prakticky trval\u00fd kalamitn\u00ed stav a k\u016frovec oslaben\u00e9 porosty napadal permanentn\u011b<\/strong>. K\u00a0vyvrcholen\u00ed do\u0161lo v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 90. let, pot\u00e9 se v\u0161ak poda\u0159ilo kalamitu rychle utlumit. Po v\u011btrn\u00e9 kalamit\u011b v\u00a0roce 2002 hrozilo o rok pozd\u011bji zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed gradace k\u016frovc\u016f zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0kombinaci a tepl\u00fdm a such\u00fdm jarem a l\u00e9tem. V\u00a0boji s\u00a0t\u00edmto nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161k\u016fdcem lesn\u00edk\u016fm pomohlo v\u00a0roce 2004 pro k\u016frovce nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, kter\u00fd se tak o rok pozd\u011bji vr\u00e1til do z\u00e1kladn\u00edho stavu.<\/p>\n

ny city date
\nrob kardashian weight loss<\/a>5 Things You Should Know Before You Start Surfing<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f biotick\u00fdmi \u010diniteli Mezi nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdce jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed bekyn\u011b mni\u0161ka, obale\u010d mod\u0159\u00ednov\u00fd, ploskoh\u0159betka smrkov\u00e1, pilatka smrkov\u00e1, l\u00fdko\u017erout smrkov\u00fd, l\u00fdko\u017erout seversk\u00fd, l\u00fdko\u017erout leskl\u00fd,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-les"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4YkmD-10R","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3897"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4413,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897\/revisions\/4413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}