{"id":417,"date":"2015-04-17T18:26:16","date_gmt":"2015-04-17T18:26:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=417"},"modified":"2015-04-19T19:04:54","modified_gmt":"2015-04-19T19:04:54","slug":"pestovani-lesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=417","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed lesa"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 podoba les\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se za\u010dala vytv\u00e1\u0159et v\u00a0polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed radik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159estavbou tehdy ji\u017e degradovan\u00fdch a devastovan\u00fdch porost\u016f \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e porostlin, kter\u00e9 za\u010daly v\u00a0krajin\u011b p\u0159eva\u017eovat v\u00a0d\u016fsledku neregulovan\u00e9 toulav\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eby, pozd\u011bji i velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011b\u017eeb bez n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 obnovy les\u016f. Rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se hutnick\u00fd a skl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl vy\u017eadoval st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsun d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed, s r\u016fstem po\u010dtu obyvatelstva a rozr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm m\u011bst se zvy\u0161ovaly n\u00e1roky na dod\u00e1vky palivov\u00e9ho a stavebn\u00edho d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed. Pod s\u00edl\u00edc\u00edm tlakem pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce mizely posledn\u00ed zbytky p\u016fvodn\u00edch les\u016f, ale nikdo se nestaral o jejich obnovu. Osv\u00edcen\u00ed panovn\u00edci Marie Terezie a Josef II. i osv\u00edcen\u00ed vlastn\u00edci les\u016f si za\u010dali uv\u011bdomovat v\u00e1\u017enost situace a hledali \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Tehdy krom\u011b vyd\u00e1n\u00ed patent\u016f a na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0lesy byla pro o\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed formulov\u00e1na jasn\u00e1 spole\u010densk\u00e1 objedn\u00e1vka: vyp\u011bstovat dostatek kvalitn\u00edho stavebn\u00edho a palivov\u00e9ho d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed; vlastn\u00edci les\u016f k\u00a0tomu dodali: a zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdnos z\u00a0lesn\u00edho majetku.<\/p>\n

Vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed profese lesn\u00edk\u016f se nad\u0161en\u011b chopila iniciativy a za\u010dala lesy p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159et podle princip\u016f odvozen\u00fdch z\u00a0p\u0159edstav o v\u00fdvoji lesa na holin\u011b. Um\u011bl\u00e1 obnova les\u016f smrkem jako stanovi\u0161tn\u011b nen\u00e1ro\u010dnou, rychle rostouc\u00ed d\u0159evinou poskytuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo vynikaj\u00edc\u00edch u\u017eitn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, byla jedinou mo\u017enou cestou, jak za relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tkou dobu v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdnos ze zdevastovan\u00fdch lesn\u00edch majetk\u016f. Tak vznikl a v praxi se uplat\u0148oval syst\u00e9m \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00edho pase\u010dn\u00e9ho lesa“, kter\u00fd byl charakteristick\u00fd holose\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem obnovy a um\u011blou v\u00fdsadbou smrku nebo borovice. Tento syst\u00e9m se uplat\u0148oval po jistou dobu ve v\u0161ech st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch les\u00edch v\u00a0duchu nauky o \u010dist\u00e9m v\u00fdnosu z\u00a0p\u016fdy a sask\u00e9ho smrkov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed jako sch\u00e9ma redukuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b zcela nep\u0159ehlednou rozmanitost p\u0159\u00edrody. To je odkaz na\u0161ich prad\u011bd\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed dok\u00e1zali na z\u00e1klad\u011b velmi nedokonal\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a primitivn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky zv\u00fd\u0161it lesnatost na\u0161ich zem\u00ed za 150 let z\u00a0asi 12,5 procenta na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 30 procent.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem lesnick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti 19. stolet\u00ed byl v\u00a0naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b les pase\u010dn\u00fd ve sv\u00e9 holose\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b s\u00a0p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmi monokulturami smrku a borovice. Av\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159edminul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee tyto lesy daleko v\u00edce podl\u00e9haj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm kalamit\u00e1m ne\u017e porosty sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9, s\u00a0druhovou skladbou, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159ibli\u017euje skladb\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00e9. Proto se lesn\u00edci od konce 19. stolet\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed s\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm \u010di v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u00fasp\u011bchem o p\u0159em\u011bnu nesm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch porost\u016f na porosty sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 formy podrostn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak klasifikovat sm\u00ed\u0161enost les\u016f?<\/h2>\n

Dnes st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1zor o p\u0159evaze jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch monokultur ji\u017e neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti. Jestli\u017ee budeme lesy posuzovat z\u00a0hlediska sm\u00ed\u0161enosti, pak situace nen\u00ed zdaleka tak \u0161patn\u00e1. Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria, podle nich\u017e lze klasifikovat sm\u00ed\u0161enost porost\u016f. V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky se nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed podle zastoupen\u00ed d\u0159evin (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pod\u00edl z\u00e1sob d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch d\u0159evin na celkov\u00e9 z\u00e1sob\u011b). Za \u010dist\u00e9 jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 monokultury se pova\u017euj\u00ed porosty, v\u00a0nich\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 25 procent, takov\u00fdch porost\u016f je u n\u00e1s 31 procent. Naopak porost\u016f listnat\u00fdch s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed jehli\u010dnan\u016f men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 25 procent je celkem 13 procent. Les\u016f sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch je dnes ji\u017e 56 procent.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje se postupn\u011b prosadilo v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed funkce les\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b a v\u00a0\u017eivot\u011b spole\u010dnosti. Proto i p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f mus\u00ed br\u00e1t z\u0159etel nejen na produkci d\u0159eva, ale i na funkce ostatn\u00ed, ekologick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody, zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 a ekologick\u00e9 diverzity a genov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch pro udr\u017een\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj les\u016f. Se z\u0159etelem na tyto funkce les\u016f se diferencuj\u00ed postupy hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch. Jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f, kter\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed sleduje, je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obecn\u00e9 stability lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, co\u017e je jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Za vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro dosa\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto c\u00edl\u016f se v sou\u010dasnosti pova\u017euje ekologicky orientovan\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1no s\u00a0koncepc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Jde o takovou strategii hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch, kdy se les ch\u00e1pe a posuzuje jako ekosyst\u00e9m a \u010dlov\u011bk optim\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch sil a z\u00e1kon\u016f tak, \u017ee les m\u016f\u017ee trvale plnit po\u017eadovan\u00e9 funkce za minim\u00e1ln\u00edho vnosu dodatkov\u00fdch energi\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladem pro diferencovan\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed podle stanovi\u0161tn\u00edch podm\u00ednek se stala typologie les\u016f.<\/p>\n

Obnova lesn\u00edch porost\u016f<\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je \u00faprava druhov\u00e9 skladby, kter\u00e1 se m\u00e1 v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0tendencemi ekologicky orientovan\u00e9ho p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f postupn\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017eovat skladb\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o redukci zastoupen\u00ed smrku a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu listnat\u00fdch d\u0159evin. S\u00a0t\u00edm souvis\u00ed \u0159ada probl\u00e9m\u016f, zejm\u00e9na zabezpe\u010den\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed reproduk\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu, propracov\u00e1n\u00ed a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed metodick\u00fdch postup\u016f obnov a p\u0159em\u011bn lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, legislativn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed a uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch stimul\u016f, \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu \u0161kod zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed na lesn\u00edch porostech atd.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edmu c\u00edli – les\u016fm s\u00a0druhovou skladbou zhruba 60 procent jehli\u010dnan\u016f a 40 procent listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f – bude mo\u017en\u00e9 dosp\u011bt a\u017e v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu, prakticky a\u017e po uplynut\u00ed cel\u00e9 jedn\u00e9 doby obm\u00fdtn\u00ed, tedy asi za sto let. N\u00e1strojem k\u00a0tomu je i ustanoven\u00ed lesn\u00edho z\u00e1kona o povinn\u00e9 v\u00fdsadb\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u00edho pod\u00edlu meliora\u010dn\u00edch a zpev\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch d\u0159evin (hlavn\u011b listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f a jedle) p\u0159i obnov\u011b lesn\u00edch porost\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u00daprav\u00e1m druhov\u00e9 skladby lesn\u00edch porost\u016f se p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed i hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby a formy. V\u00fdrazn\u011b se zvy\u0161uje vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podrostn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a nar\u016fst\u00e1 pod\u00edl p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnovy. \u0158ada porost\u016f se dnes ji\u017e rozpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 a p\u0159ipravuje pro n\u00e1stup p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho zmlazen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se bude v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech postupn\u011b uvol\u0148ovat. Ov\u0161em v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f bude nutn\u00e9 kombinovat p\u0159irozenou obnovu s\u00a0um\u011blou, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tam, kde n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u0159eviny z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhov\u00e9 skladby zcela chyb\u00ed. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost zasluhuje obnova a rekonstrukce lesn\u00edch porost\u016f posti\u017een\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi imisemi v\u00a0Kru\u0161n\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch. S\u00a0touto ekologickou katastrofou se budou vyrovn\u00e1vat je\u0161t\u011b na\u0161i pravnuci.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdchova lesn\u00edch porost\u016f<\/h2>\n

Stabilita a kvalita lesn\u00edch porost\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jejich v\u00fdchov\u011b v\u00a0ml\u00e1d\u00ed. Proto lesn\u00ed z\u00e1kon stanovuje jako jeden ze z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f pro lesy st\u00e1tn\u00ed a obecn\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00fd rozsah v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f v\u00a0porostech do 40 let. Rovn\u011b\u017e konstatuje, \u017ee vlastn\u00edk je mimo jin\u00e9 povinen vychov\u00e1vat lesn\u00ed porosty soustavn\u011b a v\u010das tak, aby se zlep\u0161oval jejich stav, zvy\u0161ovala jejich odolnost a zlep\u0161ovalo pln\u011bn\u00ed funkc\u00ed lesa.<\/p>\n

Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdchovn\u011b zanedban\u00fdch porost\u016f se stalo jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let 20. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou byl vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl nahodil\u00fdch t\u011b\u017eeb v\u00a070. a 80. letech 20. stol., kter\u00e9 se musely p\u0159ednostn\u011b zpracovat a v\u00fdchova porost\u016f se zanedb\u00e1vala. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 90. let i v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se da\u0159\u00ed tyto disproporce vyrovn\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdchova lesn\u00edch porost\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi biotechnick\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi ucelen\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd zvy\u0161uje stabilitu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, jejich biodiverzitu, je n\u00e1strojem pro \u00fapravu druhov\u00e9 skladby a prostorov\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby porost\u016f.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 podoba les\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se za\u010dala vytv\u00e1\u0159et v\u00a0polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed radik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159estavbou tehdy ji\u017e degradovan\u00fdch a devastovan\u00fdch porost\u016f \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e porostlin, kter\u00e9 za\u010daly v\u00a0krajin\u011b p\u0159eva\u017eovat v\u00a0d\u016fsledku neregulovan\u00e9 toulav\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eby, pozd\u011bji i velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011b\u017eeb bez n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 obnovy les\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-les"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4YkmD-6J","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=417"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4609,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/417\/revisions\/4609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=417"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}