{"id":4830,"date":"2026-01-14T04:18:40","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T04:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=4830"},"modified":"2025-11-09T10:10:32","modified_gmt":"2025-11-09T10:10:32","slug":"druhy-lesu-ve-svete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=4830","title":{"rendered":"Druhy les\u016f ve sv\u011bt\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"les-01a\"<\/a>Rozd\u00edly v teplot\u011b, mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a r\u016fzn\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u016fd v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech sv\u011bta ur\u010duj\u00ed polohu hlavn\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se biomy Zem\u011b. Jeliko\u017e jsou rozlo\u017eeny na pevnin\u00e1ch v ur\u010dit\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se t\u00e9\u017e hlavn\u00ed terestrick\u00e9 (terra – lat. zem\u011b, pevnina) neboli zon\u00e1ln\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Tundra<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bezles\u00e1 krajina porostl\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou mechy, li\u0161ejn\u00edky, odoln\u00fdmi travami a pouze m\u00edsty ke\u0159ovit\u00fdmi vrbami \u010di b\u0159\u00edzami. Rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ve studen\u00e9m p\u00e1smu p\u0159i severn\u00edm pol\u00e1rn\u00edm kruhu, kde teplota vystupuje nad bod mrazu pouze n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f v roce a p\u016fdy, promrzl\u00e9 do velk\u00e9 hloubky, rozmrzaj\u00ed v teplej\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed pouze na povrchu. Sr\u00e1\u017eky jsou nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e9. Z velk\u00fdch savc\u016f zde \u017eij\u00ed sobi z men\u0161\u00edch lum\u00edci, pol\u00e1rn\u00ed li\u0161ky a zaj\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Tajga<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oblast porostl\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jehli\u010dnat\u00fdmi lesy v severn\u00edch oblastech Sibi\u0159e, Kanady a Alja\u0161ky. Teplota vystupuje nad bod mrazu v\u011bt\u0161inou 3 – 4 m\u011bs\u00edce v roce. Sr\u00e1\u017eek nen\u00ed mnoho a p\u016fdy jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou kysel\u00e9 s vysokou vrstvou t\u011b\u017eko rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9 opadanky z jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch strom\u016f. \u010cast\u00e1 jsou i ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Stepi chladn\u00e9ho a m\u00edrn\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vyskytuj\u00ed se od \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e a\u017e po Mongolsko a \u010c\u00ednu, ve st\u0159edu Severn\u00ed Ameriky (kde se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed pr\u00e9rie) a m\u00edsty i v severn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky (Argentina, Uruguay, kde se jim \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 pampy). P\u016fdy jsou vysychaj\u00edc\u00ed, bohat\u00e9 v\u00e1pn\u00edkem \u010dasto \u010dernozem\u011b. Tuh\u00e9 zimy a n\u00edzk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm travinn\u00fdm spole\u010denstv\u016fm. V t\u011bchto oblastech \u017eila p\u016fvodn\u011b velk\u00e1 st\u00e1da b\u00fdlo\u017eravc\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Americe bizoni, \u010di v Asii sajgy. Dnes jsou obvykle vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny \u010dlov\u011bkem k p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed obil\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Listnat\u00fd les m\u00edrn\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed typ lesa, kter\u00fd se vyskytoval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed republiky p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem \u010dlov\u011bka. Oblast je charakteristick\u00e1 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017eek. P\u016fdy jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou humusovit\u00e9 hn\u011bdozem\u011b. Nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi rostlinn\u00fdmi druhy byly listnat\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy – buky, duby, habry, javory, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jedle, borovice a smrky. V\u011bt\u0161ina t\u011bchto les\u016f ji\u017e byla zm\u011bn\u011bna na kulturn\u00ed smrkov\u00e9 lesy ur\u010den\u00e9 k t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159eva.<\/p>\n

Tvrdolist\u00e9 k\u0159ovinat\u00e9 lesy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vyskytuj\u00ed se v Evrop\u011b hlavn\u011b ve St\u0159edozem\u00ed, ale t\u00e9\u017e v Kalifornii, v Chile, ji\u017en\u00ed Africe a tak\u00e9 v ji\u017en\u00ed Austr\u00e1lii. Rostou v su\u0161\u0161\u00edch a teplej\u0161\u00edch oblastech s dostate\u010dn\u00fdmi de\u0161ti p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm b\u011bhem m\u00edrn\u00fdch zim. Rostliny jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou ke\u0159ovit\u00e9, s tuh\u00fdmi listy – n\u011bkter\u00e9 duby, vav\u0159\u00edn, olivy. Rostliny maj\u00ed \u010dasto dlouh\u00e9 ko\u0159eny, kter\u00e9 i v obdob\u00edch letn\u00edho sucha obstar\u00e1vaj\u00ed vl\u00e1hu z velk\u00fdch hloubek. P\u016fdy jsou \u010dasto zbarveny do hn\u011bdo\u010dervena a obsahuj\u00ed dostatek v\u00e1pn\u00edku. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ve St\u0159edozem\u00ed pastva prob\u00edh\u00e1 ji\u017e po n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let, tyto k\u0159ovinat\u00e9 lesy v Evrop\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely.<\/p>\n

Pou\u0161t\u011b a polopou\u0161t\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jsou v oblasti trop\u016f s velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami s kamenit\u00fdmi nebo p\u00eds\u010dit\u00fdmi p\u016fdami. Tvo\u0159\u00ed okolo 20 % celkov\u00e9 rozlohy pevnin. \u017divot je omezen pouze na n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo odoln\u00fdch rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Mezi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed Sahara a Arabsk\u00e1 pou\u0161\u0165. Pou\u0161t\u011b jsou i v Mexiku, Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe a Austr\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n

Tropick\u00e9 opadav\u00e9 lesy a savany<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jsou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Africe, Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i v Ji\u017en\u00ed Asii a Austr\u00e1lii. Rok se zde rozd\u011bluje na obdob\u00ed de\u0161\u0165\u016f a obdob\u00ed sucha. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 plochy travin a k\u0159ovin obsahuj\u00ed osamocen\u00e9 stromy nebo h\u00e1jky, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed v \u0159\u00eddk\u00fd les. P\u016fdy maj\u00ed \u010dasto dob\u0159e vyvinutou a silnou humusovitou vrstvu. Typick\u00fdmi obyvateli africk\u00fdch savan jsou velc\u00ed savci – sloni, nosoro\u017eci, \u017eirafy, zebry, antilopy, lvi, gepardi. Oblasti jsou pod siln\u00fdm tlakem \u010dlov\u011bka. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v Africe jsou velk\u00e9 plochy vypalov\u00e1ny a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako pole. Jeliko\u017e v\u011bt\u0161inou nemaj\u00ed roln\u00edci na hnojen\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed dostatek prost\u0159edk\u016f, m\u011bn\u00ed se postupn\u011b savany a \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 lesy v pou\u0161t\u011b a polopou\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Tropick\u00e9 de\u0161tn\u00e9 lesy<\/strong><\/p>\n

V tropick\u00fdch rovn\u00edkov\u00fdch oblastech Afriky, Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky a Asie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 jeden z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a druhov\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Vysok\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky po cel\u00fd rok zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed vl\u00e1hu. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u017eivin je v\u0161ak v opadance a nikoli v p\u016fd\u011b. Ta je na \u017eiviny velmi chud\u00e1. Tropick\u00e9 de\u0161tn\u00e9 lesy jsou dnes k\u00e1ceny a vypalov\u00e1ny a tak z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1na na \u010das \u00farodn\u00e1 p\u016fda. Po n\u011bkolika letech u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak \u017eiviny vy\u010derp\u00e1ny a p\u016fda na pol\u00edch se m\u011bn\u00ed na tvrdou nevyu\u017eitelnou krustu, podobnou vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 cihl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 hl\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Velk\u00e9 plochy p\u016fvodn\u00edch p\u0159irozen\u00fdch biom\u016f byly u\u017e \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka zm\u011bn\u011bny. Nejv\u00edce jsou posti\u017eeny oblasti vhodn\u00e9 pro \u017eivot \u010dlov\u011bka. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed do oblasti biomu listnat\u00fdch a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch les\u016f m\u00edrn\u00e9ho p\u00e1su. Lesy v\u0161ak dnes pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed povrch na\u0161\u00ed republiky pouze z jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etiny a listnat\u00e9 lesy u n\u00e1s tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze asi 23 % z celkov\u00e9 plochy porostl\u00e9 lesem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rozd\u00edly v teplot\u011b, mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a r\u016fzn\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u016fd v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech sv\u011bta ur\u010duj\u00ed polohu hlavn\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se biomy Zem\u011b. Jeliko\u017e jsou rozlo\u017eeny na pevnin\u00e1ch v ur\u010dit\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se t\u00e9\u017e hlavn\u00ed terestrick\u00e9 (terra – lat. zem\u011b, pevnina) neboli zon\u00e1ln\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-les"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4YkmD-1fU","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4830"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5933,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4830\/revisions\/5933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}