{"id":5307,"date":"2026-08-14T07:50:10","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T07:50:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=5307"},"modified":"2026-07-05T11:39:42","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T11:39:42","slug":"lesni-patra-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/?p=5307","title":{"rendered":"Lesn\u00ed patra"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"lesni-patra\"<\/a>Vegetace je zdrojem prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, uskute\u010d\u0148uje v\u00fdm\u011bnu plyn\u016f s atmosf\u00e9rou, hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch biocyklech vody a \u017eivin a siln\u011b interaguje s ostatn\u00edmi biotick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami.<\/p>\n

Lesn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed vegetace je vedle strom\u016f v\u0161eobecn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1na za hlavn\u00ed komponentu lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Jednotliv\u00e1 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed patra tvo\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou \u010d\u00e1st celkov\u00e9 biodiverzity lesn\u00edch porost\u016f. Jejich slo\u017een\u00ed, rozmanitost a struktura jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi faktory pro posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed biodiverzity a jsou i v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm bioindik\u00e1torem zm\u011bn prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Biodiverzita je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jedno z hlavn\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed trval\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti produkce les\u016f a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed jejich mimoproduk\u010dn\u00edch funkc\u00ed (Buri\u00e1nek, 2013).<\/p>\n

Lesn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e1 spole\u010denstva tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0lese vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturu tzv. lesn\u00ed patra neboli biostrata Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0pater ob\u00fdv\u00e1 specifick\u00e9 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed spole\u010denstvo naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 stratocen\u00f3za (Suchomel et al.,2016). \u0160efl (2014) rozli\u0161uje \u010dty\u0159i typy vegeta\u010dn\u00edch pater, kter\u00e9 zna\u010d\u00ed p\u00edsmenem E (odvozeno od francouzsk\u00e9ho slova \u00e9tage<\/i> \u2013 patro): E0<\/sub> \u2013 p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed, \u010dili mechov\u00e9 a li\u0161ejn\u00edkov\u00e9 patro, je\u017e pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u016fdu do 5 cm v\u00fd\u0161ky a je tvo\u0159eno mechy, li\u0161ejn\u00edky a j\u00e1trovkami, E1<\/sub> \u2013 patro bylinn\u00e9, tj. rostliny s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou 0,05 \u2013 1 m, E2<\/sub> \u2013 ke\u0159ov\u00e9 (n\u011bkdy k\u0159ovinn\u00e9) patro, tj. rostliny s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou 1 \u2013 3m a E3<\/sub> \u2013 patro stromov\u00e9, tj. rostliny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 3 m.<\/p>\n

Rostlinn\u00e9 druhy jednotliv\u00fdch pater jsou geneticky adaptovan\u00e9 nebo p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 k\u00a0nejlep\u0161\u00edmu vyu\u017eit\u00ed podm\u00ednek prost\u0159ed\u00ed (prostoru, sv\u011btla, vody, \u017eivin a podobn\u011b). P\u0159esto je lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m v d\u016fsledku konkurence mezi jedinci t\u00e9ho\u017e druhu nebo d\u00edky mezidruhov\u00e9 konkurenci vertik\u00e1ln\u011b roz\u010dlen\u011bn. Variabilita je ve stromov\u00e9m pat\u0159e krom jin\u00e9ho z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na druhov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed a stanovi\u0161tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nap\u0159. dostupnost vody nebo ochran\u011b proti v\u011btru. Existuje \u2013 li dostate\u010dn\u00e1 ochrana p\u0159ed siln\u00fdmi v\u011btry a je – li z\u00e1soba vody dostate\u010dn\u00e1, pak lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat i dostate\u010dn\u00e1 vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozmanitost a v\u00fdskyt vysok\u00fdch strom\u016f. Variabilita ve vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed struktu\u0159e je d\u00e1le ovlivn\u011bna i \u010dlenitost\u00ed ter\u00e9nu, p\u016fdn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami nebo p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed rostlinn\u00fdch patogen\u016f nebo lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f (pion\u00fdrsk\u00e9 porosty po velk\u00fdch disturbanc\u00edch \u2013 po po\u017e\u00e1rech nebo v\u011btrn\u00fdch kalamit\u00e1ch vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pouze jedno stromov\u00e9 patro). N\u011bkter\u00e9 stromy rostou d\u00edky vlivu okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale i d\u00edky vlastn\u00edm genetick\u00fdm dispozic\u00edm mnohem rychleji ne\u017e okoln\u00ed jedinci. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed koruny a zab\u00edraj\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed prostor na \u00fakor sousedn\u00edch strom\u016f, je\u017e postupn\u011b i p\u0159er\u016fstaj\u00ed. Ko\u0159enov\u00e1 konkurence je je\u0161t\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Jedinec si m\u016f\u017ee v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b navz\u00e1jem konkurovat i s\u00a0n\u011bkolika stovkami dal\u0161\u00edch strom\u016f najednou, na rozd\u00edl od nadzemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, kde si konkuruj\u00ed pouze sousedn\u00ed stromy. Vrchol stromov\u00e9ho patra a p\u0159edr\u016fstav\u00e9 stromy dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edd\u011bl slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, druhy a jedinci ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch pater jsou fyziologicky a struktur\u00e1ln\u011b adaptov\u00e1ny na pokles slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Velmi v\u00fdznamnou pro v\u00fd\u0161kovou stratifikaci rostlin v\u00a0lese je tedy existence rozhran\u00ed mezi hlavn\u00ed korunovou \u00farovn\u00ed a zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm podrostem. Korunov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 nen\u00ed nikdy v\u0161ak nenaru\u0161en\u00e1, v\u00a0d\u011br\u00e1ch se vyskytuj\u00ed sv\u011btlomiln\u00e9 druhy subdominantn\u00edch strom\u016f, ke\u0159\u016f a bylin. Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturovanost je proto mnohem v\u00edce podm\u00edn\u011bna tvorbou a rekolonizac\u00ed \u201ed\u011br\u201c v\u00a0lese ne\u017e koexistenc\u00ed specializovan\u00fdch druh\u016f podrostu. Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturovanost se vyskytuje v\u00a0tropick\u00fdch de\u0161tn\u00fdch pralesech. Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se ariditou nebo pop\u0159. se sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se teplotou, se \u00farove\u0148 strukturovanosti sni\u017euje, p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou savany s\u00a0roztrou\u0161en\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami.<\/p>\n

Randu\u0161ka (1986) pro \u00fa\u010dely botanick\u00e9ho nebo ekologick\u00e9ho popisu lesn\u00edho spole\u010denstva u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed stromov\u00fdch pater podle Zlatn\u00edkovy klasifikace. Zlatn\u00edk jednotliv\u00e9 stromy rozd\u011bluje podle v\u00fd\u0161ky do dev\u00edti skupin:<\/p>\n

I \u2013 stromy nad\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9, tj. stromy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stromy hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, je\u017e maj\u00ed mohutn\u011b vyvinutou korunu a z\u0159eteln\u011b \u010dn\u00ed nad hlavn\u00ed vrstvu \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch strom\u016f,<\/p>\n

II \u2013 stromy hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b v\u010detn\u011b strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 zasahuj\u00ed sv\u00fdmi vrcholky do patra \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch strom\u016f, stromy t\u00e9to \u00farovn\u011b se pln\u011b pod\u00edlej\u00ed na horn\u00edm korunov\u00e9m z\u00e1poji, jejich koruny jsou pravideln\u00e9 (symetrick\u00e9) a dob\u0159e vyvinut\u00e9,<\/p>\n

III \u2013 stromy pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9, tj. stromy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e polovina v\u00fd\u0161ky strom\u016f hlavn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, ale sv\u00fdmi korunami nedosahuj\u00ed do souvisl\u00e9 vrstvy korun strom\u016f \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch, tyto stromy se ji\u017e nepod\u00edlej\u00ed na utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed horn\u00edho korunov\u00e9 z\u00e1poje nebo je jejich pod\u00edl na tomto z\u00e1poji jen mal\u00fd, vrcholky strom\u016f pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch ustupuj\u00edc\u00edch jsou v\u0161ak st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b voln\u00e9 a nejsou zast\u00edn\u011bny v\u011btv\u00ed nebo v\u011btvemi okoln\u00edch strom\u016f, vrcholky ustupuj\u00edc\u00edch strom\u016f zasahuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b do korunov\u00e9ho prostoru tvo\u0159en\u00e9ho spodn\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1stmi korun \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch strom\u016f,<\/p>\n

IV \u2013 d\u0159eviny nejv\u00fd\u0161e 1,3 m vysok\u00e9, toto patro se d\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed:<\/p>\n

V1 \u2013 jedinci jehli\u010dnan\u016f s\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm pr\u00fdtem a listn\u00e1\u010de bez d\u011blo\u017en\u00edch l\u00edstk\u016f,<\/p>\n

V1a \u2013 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 cm<\/p>\n

V1b \u2013 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 cm<\/p>\n

V2 \u2013 semen\u00e1\u010dky tj. jedinci jehli\u010dnan\u016f s\u00a0d\u011blo\u017en\u00edmi jehlicemi bez bo\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdhonu a listn\u00e1\u010de s\u00a0d\u011blo\u017en\u00edmi l\u00edstky.<\/p>\n

Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klasifikac\u00ed pro t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed strom\u016f podle v\u00fd\u0161ky je Kraftova klasifikace. Ta d\u011bl\u00ed stromy do p\u011bti t\u0159\u00edd: p\u0159edr\u016fstav\u00e9, \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9, z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9, pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 \u2013 vr\u016fstav\u00e9, pod\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 \u2013 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9, potla\u010den\u00e9 \u2013 \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9, potla\u010den\u00e9 \u2013 odum\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed a odum\u0159el\u00e9. Kraftova klasifikace byla vypracov\u00e1na pro smrkov\u00e9 a borov\u00e9 porosty a je z\u00e1kladem pro ur\u010den\u00ed prob\u00edrkov\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch variant prob\u00edrek a pro vyzna\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1sahu podle Krafta. Tato klasifikace je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Kon\u0161elovy prob\u00edrkov\u00e9 metody a podkladem pro stanoven\u00ed prob\u00edrkov\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f a jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f prob\u00edrek. Je vhodn\u00e1 pro stanoven\u00ed p\u011bstebn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru a vyzna\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1sahu zejm\u00e9na v jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch \u2013 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b smrkov\u00fdch porostech.<\/p>\n

Stromy rostouc\u00ed ve vz\u00e1jemn\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9m \u017eivotn\u00edm prostoru mohou m\u011bnit b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota postaven\u00ed. ve v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch<\/a>(nad\u00farove\u0148, \u00farove\u0148, pod\u00farove\u0148), nebo v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch (strom p\u0159edr\u016fstav\u00fd, \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fd, vr\u016fstav\u00fd apod.). Tento jev se ozna\u010duje jako p\u0159edr\u016fstavost. P\u0159edr\u016fstavost se projevuje nejsiln\u011bji do kulminace v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstu<\/a> d\u0159evin a v \u00farovni porostu. P\u0159edr\u016fstavost je podm\u00edn\u011bna d\u0159evinou a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami a je ovlivn\u011bna zm\u011bnou porostn\u00ed struktury vlivem p\u011bstebn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f.<\/p>\n

www.mezistromy.cz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vegetace je zdrojem prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, uskute\u010d\u0148uje v\u00fdm\u011bnu plyn\u016f s atmosf\u00e9rou, hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch biocyklech vody a \u017eivin a siln\u011b interaguje s ostatn\u00edmi biotick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4YkmD-1nB","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5307"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5309,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5307\/revisions\/5309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.benateckyctyrlistek.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}